Man Who Invented Modern Probability

It is oddly appropriate that a chance event drove Kolmogorov into the arms of probability theory, which at the time was a maligned sub-discipline of mathematics and was mocked at as "Theory of Misfortune". Kolmogorov presented a radical and, ultimately, foundational revision of probability theory using measure theory. 

For Kolmogorov, his ideas neither eliminated chance, nor affirmed a fundamental uncertainty about our world; they simply provided a rigorous language to talk about what cannot be known for certain.

http://nautil.us/issue/4/the-unlikely/the-man-who-invented-modern-probability